Narration

1. Direct Speech

   In direct speech, we convey the message of the speaker in his own actual words without any change to another person.

   ---

2. Indirect Speech

   In indirect speech, we convey the message of the speaker in our own words to another person.

   ---

3. Procedure of changing direct speech into indirect speech

   1. Remove comma and inverted commas.
   2. Put "that" between the reporting and reported speeches.(it is optional to put "that" between the reporting and reported speech)
   3. Change the 1st letter of reported speech into small letter except for "I"
   4. Change the pronoun of the direct speech according to the rules described in table 2
   5. Change the tense of the direct speech appropriately according to rules described in table 3.
   6. Change the words expressing nearness in time or places of the direct speech into its appropriate words expressing distance as per table 1

   ---

4. Rules for changing Direct into Indirect Speech

   1. The past tense is often used when it is uncertain if the statement is true or when we are reporting objectively.

      Indirect Speech Conversion	Direct Speech Condition
      Present Tenses in the Direct Speech are changed into Past Tense.	If the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense.
      Do Not Change Tense of reported Speech in Indirect Speech sentence	If in direct speech you find say/says or will say.
      	Direct speech the words within the quotation marks talk of a universal truth or habitual action.
      	The reporting verb is in a present tense.

   2. When there are two sentences combined with the help of a conjunction and both sentences have got different tenses. then change the tenses of both sentences according to the rule.
   3. Words expressing nearness in time or places are generally changed into words expressing distance.

      Change of place and time	Direct Speech Word	Indirect Speech Word
      	Here	There
      	Today	that day
      	this morning	that morning
      	Yesterday	the day before
      	Tomorrow	the next day
      	next week	the following week
      	next month	the following month
      	Now	Then
      	Ago	Before
      	Thus	So
      	Last Night	the night before
      	This	That
      	These	Those
      	Hither	Thither
      	Hence	Thence
      	Come	Go

   ---

5. Change in Pronouns

   The pronouns of the Direct Speech are changed where necessary, according to their relations with the reporter and his hearer, rather than with the original speaker. If we change direct speech into indirect speech, the pronouns will change in the following ways.

   Rules	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
   The first person of the reported speech changes according to the subject of reporting speech.	She says, "I am in tenth class."	She says, "I am in tenth class."
   The second person of reported speech changes according to the object of reporting speech.	He says to them, "You have completed your job."	He tells them that they have completed their job.
   The third person of the reported speech doesn't change.	She says, "She is in tenth class."	She says that she is in tenth class.

   ---

6. Change in Tenses

   The past perfect and past perfect continuous tenses do not change.

   Rules	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
   Simple Present Changes To Simple Past	"I always drink coffee", she said	She said that she always drank coffee.
   Present Continuous Changes To Past Continuous	"I am reading a book", he explained.	He explained that he was reading a book
   Present Perfect Changes To Past Perfect	She said, "He has finished his work"	She said that he had finished his work.
   Present Perfect Continuous Changes To Past Perfect Continuous	"I have been to Spain", he told me.	He told me that he had been to Spain.
   Simple Past Changes To Past Perfect	"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said.	He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday
   Past Perfect Changes To Past Perfect (No Change In Tense)	"I had just turned out the light," he explained.	He explained that he had just turned out the light.
   Past Continuous Changes To Past Perfect Continuous	"We were living in Paris", they told me.	They told me that they had been living in Paris.
   Future Changes To Present Conditional	"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said	He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.
   Future Continuous Changes To Conditional Continuous	She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday."	She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

   ---

7. Changes in Modals

   Rules	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
   CAN changes into COULD	He said, "I can drive a car".	He said that he could drive a car.
   MAY changes into MIGHT	He said, "I may buy a computer"	He said that he might buy a computer.
   MUST changes into HAD TO	He said, "I must work hard"	He said that he had to work hard.
   These Modals Do Not Change: Would, could, might, should, ought to.
   Would	They said, "we would apply for a visa"	They said that they would apply for visa.
   Could	He said, "I could run faster"	He said that he could run faster.
   Might	John said, "I might meet him".	John said that he might meet him.
   Should	He said, "I should avail the opportunity"	He said that he should avail the opportunity.
   Ought to	He said to me, "you ought to wait for him"	He said to me that I ought to wait for him.

   ---

8. Changes for Imperative Sentences

   Imperative sentences consist any of these four things:

   • Order
   • Request
   • Advice
   • Suggestion

    

   Most commonly used words to join clauses together are ordered, requested, advised and suggested. Forbid(s)/ forbade is used for the negative sentences.

   Mood of Sentence in Direct Speech	Reporting verb in indirect verb
   Order	ordered
   Request	requested / entreated
   Advice	advised / urged
   Never	told, advised or forbade (No need of "not" after "forbade")
   Direction	directed
   Suggestion	suggested to
   Warning	warn
   (If a person is addressed directly)	called

   ---

9. Exclamatory Sentences

   Exclamatory sentences expresses emotions. Interjections such as Hurrah, wow, alas, oh, ah are used to express emotions. The word "that" is used as join clause.

   1. Rules for conversion of Exclamatory Direct Speech Sentences into Indirect Speech Sentences

      1. Exclamatory sentence changes into assertive sentence.
      2. Interjections are removed.
      3. Exclamation mark changes into full stop.
      4. W.H words like , "what" and "how" are removed and before the adjective of reported speech we put "very"
      5. Changes of "tenses" , "pronouns" and "adjectives" will be according to the previous rules.

    

   Mood of Sentence in Direct Speech	Reporting verb in indirect verb
   sorrow in reported speech	Exclaimed with sorrow/ grief/ exclaimed sorrowfully or cried out
   happiness in reported speech	exclaimed with joy/ delight/ exclaimed joyfully
   surprise in reported speech	exclaimed with surprise/ wonder/ astonishment"
   appreciation and it is being expressed strongly	applauded

   ---

10. Interrogative Sentences

    Interrogative sentences are of two types:

    1. Interrogative with auxiliaries at the beginning.
    2. Interrogatives with who, where, what, when, how etc., i.e. wh questions.

    1. Rules for conversion of Interrogative Direct Speech Sentence into Indirect Speech Sentences

       There are some rules to change direct to Indirect speech of Interrogative sentence:

       RULES

       Changes	Direct Speech Condition	Indirect Speech Condition
       Reporting Verb	said/ said to	Asked, enquired or demanded.
       Joining Clause	If sentence begins with auxiliary verb	joining clause should be if or whether.
       	If sentence begins with "wh" questions	then no conjunction is used as "question-word" itself act as joining clause.
       Punctuation	Question Mark	Full Stop
       Helping Verbs	sentences is expressing positive feeling	do/does is removed from sentence.
       	if 'No' is used in interrogative sentences	do/does is changed into did.
       	Did or has/have	Had

    • Helping verbs (is, am, are, was, were) are used after the subject.
    • Adverbs and pronouns are converted according to the table 1 and table 2 respectively.

    ---

11. Punctuation in Direct Speech

    In direct speech, various punctuation conventions are used to separate the quoted words from the rest of the text: this allows a reader to follow what's going on.
    Here are the basic rules:

    RULES	EXAMPLES
    The words that are actually spoken should be enclosed in inverted commas	'He's very clever, you know.'
    Start new paragraph every time when a new speaker says something.	'They think it's a more respectable job,' said Joe. 'I don't agree,' I replied
    Comma, full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark must be present at the end of reported sentences. This is placed inside the closing inverted comma or commas.	'Can I come in?' he asked. 'Just a moment!' she shouted. 'You're right,' he said.
    If direct speech comes after the information about who is speaking, comma is used to introduce the piece of speech, placed before the first inverted comma.	Steve replied, 'No problem.'
    If the direct speech is broken up by information about who is speaking, comma (or a question mark or exclamation mark) is used to separate the two reported speech	'You're right,' he said. 'It feels strange.' 'Thinking back,' she said, 'he didn't expect to win.'

    ---

12. Rules for conversion of Indirect Speech to Direct Speech

    To change from Indirect to Direct Speech, keep the rules of the Direct Speech are applied in the reverse order.

    1. Use the reporting verb, "say" or "said to" in its correct tense.
    2. Remove the conjuctions "that, to, if or whether etc". wherever necessary.
    3. Insert quotation marks, question mark, exclamation and fullstop, wherever necessary.
    4. Put a comma before the statement.
    5. Write the first word of the statement with capital letter.
    6. Change the past tense into present tense wherever the repoting verb is in the past tense.
    7. Convert the past perfect either into past tense or present perfect as found necessary.
    8. Be careful about the order of words in the question.

     

    The following table will enable to find the kind of sentence:

    Indirect (Conjunction)	Direct (Kind of Sentence)
    That	Statement (or) Exclamatory sentence
    to, not to	Imperative
    requested + to	Begin the imperative sentence with "please"
    if or whether	Interrogative sentence (Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb + ...?)
    What, When, How etc.,	(Wh or How + Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb + ...?)

 Source: http://cdac.olabs.edu.in/?sub=84&brch=26&sim=219&cnt=1

100 Examples:

100 Examples of Direct and Indirect Speech in English, 100 Examples of reported speech in english;

1	Direct	She says, “I am ill.”
	Indirect	She says that she is ill.
2	Direct	I will study”, Mary said.
	Indirect	I will study”, said Mary.
3	Direct	She said; “The exam is difficult.
	Indirect	She said the test was difficult.
4	Direct	I bought a car.
	Indirect	He said he bought a car.
5	Direct	My parents are very well.
	Indirect	Alex said that his parents were very well.
6	Direct	Please don’t be late.
	Indirect	He asked their not to be late.
7	Direct	I’m living in Texas now.
	Indirect	Her father said that he was living in London now.
8	Direct	I am living in Paris.
	Indirect	He said that he was living in Paris.
9	Direct	My mother isn’t very well.
	Indirect	She said that her mother wasn’t very well.
10	Direct	I need help with my work.
	Indirect	George said “I need help with my homework.”
11	Direct	I was walking along the Street.
	Indirect	He said he had been walking along the Street.
12	Direct	I haven’t seen George recently.
	Indirect	She said that she hadn’t seen George recently.
13	Direct	I would help, but…
	Indirect	He said he would help but…
14	Direct	I’m waiting for Michael, she said.
	Indirect	She said (that) she was waiting for Michael”.
15	Direct	They said, “They have taken exercise.”
	Indirect	They said that they had taken exercise.

16	Direct	I can speak perfect Spanish.
	Indirect	He said he could speak perfect Spanish.
17	Direct	I haven’t seen Mary.
	Indirect	He said he hadn’t seen Mary.
18	Direct	What is your name? she asked me.
	Indirect	She asked me what my name was.
19	Direct	I was sleeping when Mary called.
	Indirect	He said that he had been sleeping when Mary called.
20	Direct	Please help me!
	Indirect	He asked me to help his.
21	Direct	It is too late.
	Indirect	I said it was too late.
22	Direct	I had taken Spanish lessons before.
	Indirect	He said he had taken Spanish lessons before.
23	Direct	Did you do your homework?
	Indirect	He asked me if I did (had done) my homework.
24	Direct	Please help me carry this!
	Indirect	My mother asked me to help her carry that.
25	Direct	I like ice cream.
	Indirect	He said that he liked ice cream.
26	Direct	I’II see you later.
	Indirect	He said he would see me later.
27	Direct	I could swim when I was four.
	Indirect	He said he could swim when he was four.
28	Direct	I should call my mother.
	Indirect	He said he should call her mother.
29	Direct	I might be late.
	Indirect	He said he might be late.
30	Direct	He said, “I was teaching earlier.”
	Indirect	He said he had been teaching earlier.

31	Direct	Mary said, “I have been writing this essay.”
	Indirect	Mary said that he had been writing that essay.
32	Direct	Michael said, “I may go there.’
	Indirect	Michael says that she may go there.
33	Direct	We can´t go the zoo next week.
	Indirect	They said they couldn’t go to the zoo next week.
34	Direct	George is said, “I write a letter”.
	Indirect	George is said that she wrote a letter.
35	Direct	I said, “He is driving a car”
	Indirect	I said that he was driving a car.
36	Direct	I am reading a book, he explained.
	Indirect	He explained that he was reading a book.
37	Direct	My father said, “I am cooking dinner.”
	Indirect	My father said he was cooking dinner.
38	Direct	My sister said, “I had already eaten.”
	Indirect	My sister said she had already eaten.
39	Direct	My boyfriend asked, “Do you like horror films?”
	Indirect	Do you like horror films? my boyfriend asked.
40	Direct	I never get up late, my mother said.
	Indirect	My mother said that she never got up late.
41	Direct	She said, “I might come early.”
	Indirect	She said she might come early.
42	Direct	I am leaving home now.”
	Indirect	He said that he left home then.
43	Direct	Are you living here?
	Indirect	He asked me if I was living here.
44	Direct	I’m going to come.
	Indirect	She said that she was going to come.
45	Direct	We can communicate smoothly.
	Indirect	They said that they could communicate smothly.

46	Direct	I often enjoy myself.
	Indirect	Mary will say that that she often enjoys herself.
47	Direct	Everything is going fine.
	Indirect	The news says that everything is going fine.
48	Direct	My father was born in 1962.
	Indirect	My father told us that he was born in 1962.
49	Direct	She said, “I’ve missed my train.”
	Indirect	She said that she’d missed her train.
50	Direct	I’m sorry for the accident.
	Indirect	Georger told Samuel (that) he was sorry for the accident.
51	Direct	He said, “I am a football player.”
	Indirect	He said that he was a football player.
52	Direct	Michael said, “I will buy a new car.”
	Indirect	Michael said that she will buy a new car.
53	Direct	Mark said, “Bill needs a pencil.”
	Indirect	Mark said that Bill needed a pencil.
54	Direct	She said, “I went to the shopping center.”
	Indirect	She said that she had gone to the shopping center.
55	Direct	I write poems.
	Indirect	He says that he writes poems.
56	Direct	She said: “I would buy new house if I were rich”.
	Indirect	She said that she would buy new house if she had been rich”.
57	Direct	May I go out?
	Indirect	She wanted to know if she might go out.
58	Direct	She is American, she said.
	Indirect	She said she was American.
59	Direct	My son, do the exercise.“
	Indirect	Sh told her son to do the exercise.
60	Direct	I don’t know what to do.
	Indirect	Samuel added that he didn’t know what to do.

61	Direct	The Minister said, “There will be no growth this year.”
	Indirect	The Minister said that there will be no growth this year.
62	Direct	I’m sitting on the chair.
	Indirect	Arya said that she was sitting on the chair.
63	Direct	“I’ve found a new job,” my mother said.
	Indirect	My mother said that she had found a new job.
64	Direct	Go to bed! mother said to the children.
	Indirect	Mother told the children to go to bed.
65	Direct	Mark arrived on Sunday, he said.
	Indirect	He said that Mark had arrived on Sunday.
66	Direct	I have been to France, she told me.
	Indirect	She told me that she had been to France.
67	Direct	Michael said, “I have finished my lunch.”
	Indirect	She said that she had finished his lunch.
68	Direct	My brother said, “I met Alex yesterday.’
	Indirect	My brother said that he had met Alex yesterday.
69	Direct	The dentist said, “Your father doesn’t need an operation.”
	Indirect	Dentist said that my father doesn’t need an operation.
70	Direct	He said, “Man is mortal.”
	Indirect	He said that man is mortal.
71	Direct	Sansa said “I am very busy now”.
	Indirect	Sansa said that she was very busy then.
72	Direct	He said, “I like coffee.”
	Indirect	He said (that) he likes coffee.
73	Direct	Come at 11!
	Indirect	Alex told me to come at 11.
74	Direct	He said, “he is listening to the music”
	Indirect	He said that he was listening to the music.
75	Direct	Mercedes is a good car.
	Indirect	Tom said Mercedes was a good car.

76	Direct	I am a doctor he said.
	Indirect	He said he was a doctor.
77	Direct	Michael was ill.
	Indirect	Michael’s father said (that) Michael had been ill.
78	Direct	I could swim when I was five.
	Indirect	My girl friend said (that) she could swim when she was five.
79	Direct	What are you doing?
	Indirect	He asked me what I was doing.
80	Direct	Don’t smoke!
	Indirect	The teacher told us not to smoke.
81	Direct	The butcher told us, “We are closing at 7 o’clock.”
	Indirect	The butcher told us that we were closing at 7 o’clock.
82	Direct	Today is nice, said George.
	Indirect	George said that day was nice.
83	Direct	He asked her, “How often do you work?”
	Indirect	He asked her how often she worked.
84	Direct	He works in a bank.
	Indirect	She said that he worked in a bank.
85	Direct	I’m angry with you.
	Indirect	My mother said she was angry with me.
86	Direct	I can help you tomorrow.
	Indirect	She said that she could help me tomorrow.
87	Direct	I often have a big meat.
	Indirect	My son says that he often has a big hamburger.
88	Direct	Dance with me!
	Indirect	Maria told me to dance with her.
89	Direct	Must I do the city?
	Indirect	My sister asked if she had to do the city.
90	Direct	Please wash your hands!
	Indirect	My father told me to wash my hands.

91	Direct	Michael asked Tom, “Are you married?”
	Indirect	Michael asked Tom whether she was married.
92	Direct	I didn’t go to the party.
	Indirect	Alex said that he hadn’t gone to the party.
93	Direct	He said, “I live in the city center.”
	Indirect	He said he lived in the city center.
94	Direct	My father is helping me study.
	Indirect	He said his father was helping his study.
95	Direct	He said, “I can swim.”
	Indirect	He said he could swim.
96	Direct	He said “I had lived in Paris.”
	Indirect	He said that she had lived in Paris.
97	Direct	I don’t understand you.
	Indirect	Teacher said that he didn’t understand me.
98	Direct	He said, “I will wash my teeth”.
	Indirect	He said he would wash his teeth.
99	Direct	Why are you going to school?
	Indirect	Mary asked Alex why he was going to school.
100	Direct	Listen to me!
	Indirect	Mother told me to listen to him. Source: https://englishstudyhere.com/reported-speech/100-examples-of-direct-and-indirect-speech/